The Holy Bible: How to Understand The Scriptures in Sequence
This book of the law shall not depart out of thy mouth; but thou shalt meditate therein day and night, that thou mayest observe to do according to all that is written therein: for then thou shalt make thy way prosperous, and then thou shalt have good success.
The following article discusses the identity, nature, parts, and various elements of the Holy Bible, providing a general overview and history, followed by summaries of the Old and New Testaments, for the purpose of developing general familiarity with the Scriptures and ease of navigation. Time will also be devoted to identifying and correcting the most common misconceptions concerning the use, identity, and integrity of the Holy Bible.
Introduction
The Doctrine of Inspiration
The Holy Bible is understood by Christians and history to be the inspired Word of God. This means that although men physically wrote the contents of the Bible throughout the ages, the authorship from its time of inception down to every word and thought was personally and supernaturally inspired by God Himself.
The Book of 2 Timothy tells us:
All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: That the man of God may be perfect, throughly furnished unto all good works.
True Christians affirm the Bible to be the sole faithful record of the revealed Word of God to mankind, inspired by God from cover to cover, and the primary resource and sustaining grace for the Christian life.
Biblical Truth
The Bible contains the absolute truth about the one true God, the Creator of heaven and earth; the absolute truth about the origins of life and the early history of the world; the absolute truth about God’s involvement within His creation; and also His ultimate will and purpose for humanity.
The Bible has introduced countless people throughout the pages of history to the Living God and has been a foundational element of the modern developed world as we know it today. There is no other book in existence comparable to the Holy Bible.
An Overview of Scripture
Description Summary
The literary substance of the Bible has its historical origins and tradition within the nation of Israel, stemming back roughly three and a half to four millennia from the present day. However, the content held within its pages extends back to the beginning of time itself.
The entire Bible is a compilation of 66 pieces of literature. It is a prophetic record containing various genres of writing, such as historical accounts and records, records of law, works of poetry, proverbs of wisdom, prophecies, and letters directed to certain individuals and groups by several early church figures—all inspired by God under prophetic utterance and delivery through the Holy Spirit.
The Old and New Testaments
The Bible has been divided into two primary parts known as the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is a collection of 39 works or “books,” which were composed between roughly 1500 and 400 BC.
They were originally written in the Hebrew and Aramaic languages, with a Greek translation made over time. The New Testament contains the remaining 27 books, which was written between roughly AD 31 and 95 in the common Greek language of the first century, Koine Greek.
The most immediate copies of these works have perished in the course of history due to most of them being written on papyrus, a very thin, paper-like substance that, if not preserved carefully, is highly perishable. However, a large body of existing copies within the Christian scriptural tradition provides accurate preservation of what was originally recorded in the apostolic period.
Concerning the Old Testament, the Jewish people in the past observed very strict and rigid traditions when copying and preserving the Scriptures for future generations. Similarly, the New Testament tradition of scholarship has also carefully preserved the Scriptures for the last two millennia up to the present day.
Preservation of the Bible
The plain tracing of history in connection with the Bible and its continued preservation is extraordinary in itself. As a collection of literature, it is known to be the most highly accurate body of historical documents in existence. The various elements contained within the Bible make it a rich treasure of literature.
The Bible captures the core expressions of the human experience on a universal level. The divine nature and divine authority of the Bible make it the most controversial book in human history. Indeed, the Bible has stood the test of time and has inspired events that have shaped human history and the understanding of life itself, and will continue to do so.
But the word of the Lord endureth forever. And this is the word which by the gospel is preached unto you.
The Old Testament
The Pentateuch to the Prophets
The following summary will describe the different books of the Old Testament, their key characteristics, and some background information. The Old Testament works are grouped into what is called a “canon,” which basically means “a list of books/writings.” The Old Testament section of the Bible can be divided into smaller sections for ease of navigation.
Four sections will be summarized as follows: The first section includes the books from Genesis to Deuteronomy. Section two outlines the books of Joshua to Esther. The third section summarizes the books of Job to Song of Solomon. The fourth and final section presents the books of Isaiah to Malachi.
Genesis to Deuteronomy
The Pentateuch or Torah
The first five books of the Old Testament are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. These five books in the Hebrew tradition are called the “Torah,” meaning “law, direction, or instruction.” In the Christian tradition, they are referred to as the “Pentateuch,” meaning “the first five books.” They were authored by Moses, who was a very important prophet, leader, and authority figure within the historical nation of Israel.
These books, as with all books of the Bible, carry prophetic value, but the Torah also contains historical elements, providing much insight into earth’s early history, the Middle East, the nation of Israel, and their dealings with God and other nations.
Genesis and Exodus
The Book of Genesis records such events as the beginning and creation of the universe (Genesis 1-2), follows early humanity and their initial dealings with God (Genesis 3-11), and traces the ancestral history of the nation of Israel up to their establishment in ancient Egypt (Genesis 12-50)
The Book of Exodus, meaning “exit,” contains the development of Israel as a nation in its tribal divisions while situated in Egypt under slavery. It records their extraordinary liberation from slavery, departure from Egypt, subsequent travels in the wilderness, and initial establishment as a nation under the laws of God, including the establishment of a priestly service (Exodus 20-40).
Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy
The Book of Leviticus continues from Exodus, recording the establishment of God’s law and priesthood, designated for the service of God in mediation between Him and the nation following their Exodus from Egypt.
The Book of Numbers serves as a record of Israel’s time of nomadic travels, or “wanderings,” in the ancient Middle Eastern wilderness following their exit from Egypt. This period in the wilderness includes the history of Israel’s dealings with other nations of the land under the prophetic guidance of Moses, often regarding warfare.
The Book of Deuteronomy follows near the end of Israel’s travels in the wilderness and details a reiteration, or second enforcement, of God’s law. It concludes with a reaffirmation of the covenant between God and Israel, followed by the death and burial of Moses.
Joshua to Esther
The Historical Record
The following set of books contains a large and complex body of prophetic accounts and historical information regarding the nation of Israel, spanning roughly 800–1,000 years (approximately 1400/1200 BC to 400 BC). It also includes several intriguing parallel narratives alongside the main body, set within various periods.
This group comprises the Books of Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings, 1 and 2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. This collection is highly detailed, so key points and descriptions will be outlined as follows.
Joshua, Judges, Ruth and Samuel
The Book of Joshua records Israel’s acquisition of and settlement within the land of Palestine under the prophetic direction of God through Moses’ successor, Joshua.
The Book of Judges contains the account of Israel’s time as a nation ruled by various leaders called “Judges,” up until their transition into a bona fide Kingdom. The Book of Ruth is a parallel narrative that takes place during the period of the Judges, following a character named Ruth, who has significant links to the lineage of the future kingship of Israel.
The Books of 1 and 2 Samuel record the transition and initial rule of Israel as an established Kingdom. Within these two books are the accounts of Israel’s first king, Saul, and His successor—the most beloved king of natural Israel, King David.
The Books of the Kings
The Books of 1 and 2 Kings record the succession of the Kingdom through the line of King David, beginning with his son, Solomon. King Solomon brought Israel to its peak splendor as a Kingdom; however, later events led to the division of the Kingdom into two sectors: the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.
The Books of the Kings follow these two kingdoms under their respective rulers through to their eventual plunder by surrounding nations and subsequent exile into captivity under the foreign nations of Assyria and Babylon.
The Books of the Chronicles
The Books of 1 and 2 Chronicles provide a historical summary of the entire Kingdom period covered in 1 and 2 Samuel (1 Chronicles) and 1 and 2 Kings (2 Chronicles). These two books offer another parallel witness to the kingship period, greatly aiding in locating and cross-referencing dates, events, and biographical information concerning key figures of ancient history.
The Books of the Kings and Chronicles provide crucial details about a significant portion of ancient world history. They hold immense spiritual and historical value, offering highly inspirational content and numerous examples of God’s dealings with humanity, centered in the Kingdom of Israel.
Ezra and Nehemiah
The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah follow, recording the return of the Israelites from captivity to their homeland and the reorganization of their nation. Under the direction of a man named Zerubbabel, along with Ezra, Nehemiah, and other prophets, they regroup as a people to rebuild their nation and reestablish their priesthood and sociopolitical system. Even amid external threats of war, they proceed to reestablish their nation and institute religious reform, reinforcing the laws and customs of God.
The Book of Esther
The Book of Esther is another parallel account from the time of Israel’s return from captivity. It follows the story of a young Jewish woman named Esther who, within the Persian Empire, becomes the wife of the emperor and thus his queen. It highlights aspects of Jewish history in parallel with Israel’s return from exile and provides an understanding of God’s delivering power and authority in the affairs of foreign nations.
Job to Song of Solomon
The Wisdom Literature
This section of the Old Testament contents, commonly known as the “wisdom” literature, includes the following books: Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon. They contain similar content concerning life and divine wisdom, devotional material, and poetic literature.
These books possess high spiritual value, and certain ones are considered the most rich and beloved books of the Bible by many. They are typically highly poetic, employing carefully constructed word imagery. They are also known to be controversial in places, making them a truly valuable and intriguing read.
The Book of Job and the Psalms
The Book of Job is a narrative about a Jewish, God-fearing man named Job. This book is dated approximately 600–400 BC or 250 BC. It follows the story of Job during a time of intense affliction and provides insight into the themes of suffering and evil, exploring how these realities of life fit within God’s framework of His personal righteousness and justice.
The Book of Psalms is quite possibly the most beloved book of the Bible across all readers. It is a large collection of poetry and hymns (songs) spanning a significant period within Israel’s history and holds immense devotional and spiritual value.
The Psalms are attributed to several authors, including King David, Moses, and Asaph, among others. They express the human experience with vivid and wide-ranging emotional depth. The Psalms also contain a prophetic element and historical value, making them highly significant to a broader understanding of the Bible.
Proverbs, Ecclesiastes and the Song of Solomon
The Book of Proverbs is a treasure chest of wisdom. It was authored by King Solomon—son of King David and his successor—who was known as the wisest of all men in the ancient world. This book is filled with concise statements of truth and wisdom, offering immense value for practical life application.
The Book of Ecclesiastes is a work of observational wisdom, commonly considered to be authored again by King Solomon. The author calls himself “the preacher” and sets out to seek wisdom. This book deeply considers the functional issues and inevitable realities of human life, making it a thought-provoking read.
The Book of Song of Solomon is the third in the line of books thought to be authored by King Solomon. This highly poetic book explores the theme of intimate love and intriguingly parallels many relational and prophetic themes present throughout the Bible.
Isaiah to Malachi
The Books of the Prophets
The next body of works is known as “The Prophets.” They are several detailed prophetic records from Israel’s prophets, spanning roughly 400 years within Israel’s kingship (800–400 BC, though certain dates may vary). The prophet was also known as a “seer” or “man of God,” sent by God to a particular place and people to deliver a specific message.
Often, the prophet would bring a message of sharp judgment from God because of evil committed, resulting in the destruction of that place and people. Depending on the situation, the prophet might also bring a message of mercy, liberation, and forgiveness from God alongside the judgment. The prophetic ministry also extended into special consultation with God on behalf of an inquiring party, often members of national leadership and royalty.
In certain cases, prophecies also extended to predict events further into the future, even to the time of the world’s final age. The number of prophets throughout Israel’s history is not limited to the number of specific books of the Prophets. Certain prophets who do not have recorded prophecies are known for their miraculous and supernatural exploits and often faced harsh persecution by opposition; their stories are found elsewhere within the Bible.
The books of the Prophets are typically divided into two groups: the “Major” and “Minor” Prophets. These two groups distinguish prophets who had rather complex and lengthy recorded prophecies and ministries (Major) from those who had shorter prophecies and ministries (Minor).
The Major Prophets
Isaiah Through Daniel
The Major Prophets consist of the following books: Isaiah, Jeremiah (with Lamentations), Ezekiel, and Daniel. The messages of these prophets were directed at the southern kingdom of Judah before and during the time of their exile.
Isaiah, Jeremiah and Lamentations
The prophecies of Isaiah to the kingdom of Judah spanned an estimated 60 years (approximately 740–681 BC). The entire content of Isaiah’s message from God included elements such as repentance, exaltation of God in His holiness, divine judgment and calamity over Israel and the nations of the world, predictions of the coming Messiah, and a vision of a new heavens and new earth, among many other significant themes.
Jeremiah was a prophet to Judah in the time preceding their exile to Babylon and into its early stages (approximately 626–585 BC). He is often called the “weeping prophet” because his message was one of repentance, delivered in brokenheartedness toward his people for their evil practices and rejection of God’s law.
Jeremiah was persecuted for his efforts as he was instructed by God to warn of the coming judgment and calamity, exhorting the people of Judah to repentance and reformation of their ways. In Jeremiah’s time, Jerusalem was utterly destroyed, and the people were completely plundered and given over to a time of extreme affliction and suffering.
The Book of Lamentations is also attributed to Jeremiah and contains a prophetic expression of extreme anguish for his nation at the time of their affliction.
Ezekiel and Daniel
The Book of Ezekiel is a majestic, complex, and rather distinct book containing symbolic imagery of God through the prophet Ezekiel’s visions. Ezekiel’s prophecies were directed to the captivity of Judah during the time of their initial exile (approximately 593–571 BC).
Ezekiel’s messages to them included a call to repentance for their evil ways, warning them of the coming judgment on Jerusalem, and offering the nation hope for their future restoration. Ezekiel is known as the “watchman,” as God appointed him a prophet to warn the nation to turn from their wicked practices or face calamity in destructive judgment.
The Book of Daniel is an elaborate prophecy interwoven with extensive history and is considered “apocalyptic,” meaning it is a type of prophecy containing far-reaching future predictions, “revealing” events concerning the end of days.
It follows Daniel, a young Jewish man who was taken to Babylon in exile when the kingdom of Judah was plundered. Daniel rose to favor within the kingdom and faced testing trials for his faith. His prophetic ministry spanned approximately 605–536 BC.
The Minor Prophets
Hosea Through Malachi
The Minor Prophets are a group of twelve books following twelve prophets whose times of prophecy were scattered throughout Israel’s kingdom period. They are listed as Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. A brief description of each of the books of the Minor Prophets follows.
The prophecies of the Minor Prophets were directed to both the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah; however, the messages often included judgments to be proclaimed to other nations and even to the future world. Simultaneously, certain prophets had their prophecies directed at other nations for specific reasons.
Hosea and Joel
The first of the Minor Prophets is the Book of Hosea. His message was directed to the northern kingdom of Israel before the time of their exile. His prophecy is dated approximately between 750–715 BC. The message of Hosea includes elements such as judgment against Israel due to their unfaithfulness to God, the call to repentance, God’s warning of the coming exile, and the instilling of hope through God’s healing and covenant.
The Book of Joel follows—a prophecy directed to the southern kingdom of Judah. It has an estimated 8th- or 6th-century dating. The prophet Joel brought a message of judgment for Judah and the nations of the earth in the future. God calls His people to repentance through Joel and declares the future blessing to come upon them and the world in the future outpouring of His Spirit.
Amos and Obadiah
The Book of Amos is another Minor Prophet whose prophecy was directed to the northern kingdom of Israel around 760 BC. His message declared the coming exile of Israel, as well as coming judgment against both Israel and Judah and the surrounding nations.
The Book of Obadiah is a prophetic record with a possible 5th-century date. The prophecy is directed to a nearby nation called Edom. Obadiah declares destruction and judgment to Edom in the fierce coming Day of the Lord. The prophecy also speaks of Judah’s deliverance and the judgments concerning various nations.
Jonah and Micah
The Book of Jonah follows Jonah, a prophet who had an intriguing prophetic career, marked by reluctance to fulfill his particular assignment. He was sent by God to the city of Nineveh in the Assyrian Empire to declare their coming judgment. Jonah fled from his assignment due to the difficulty it posed, yet God provided him special encouragement to complete the task. The book has an 8th-century setting (approximately 785–755 BC) and features distinguishing elements as a prophetic narrative.
The Book of Micah, next in the list, is estimated to fall within the 8th century (approximately 742–687 BC). Micah’s prophecy was aimed at the southern kingdom of Judah and records the prophet’s outcry against wickedness throughout the land, declaring to the nation the approaching judgment from God.
Nahum and Habakkuk
The Book of Nahum is a short prophecy directed to the city of Nineveh, declaring God’s impending judgment of destruction on His adversaries in that nation, who continued to work evil after previous warnings from God. The prophecy is thought to be dated between 664–612 BC.
The Book of Habakkuk follows with the prophet’s message directed to the southern kingdom of Judah before their exile to Babylon. It is dated between 625–598 BC and addresses the impending judgment on Judah at the hands of Babylon.
Zephaniah and Haggai
The Book of Zephaniah contains an intriguing prophecy of doom for the coming and dreadful “day of the LORD.” The prophecy describes the judgment determined for Judah and Israel, Judah’s restoration, and predicts the far-reaching future destructive judgment for the entire world. It is dated between 640–609 BC.
The Book of Haggai recounts the prophet Haggai and his prophecy to Judah in the period after their exile, at the time of their return. It is dated approximately 520–480 BC. Haggai brought a message of exhortation to stir the nation to rebuild their plundered and destroyed temple of the LORD. The prophecy also reveals God’s displeasure at their neglect of His temple while the nation focused on their own well-being.
Zechariah and Malachi
The Book of Zechariah follows the prophet Zechariah, who also brought a message to Judah during the time of their return (approximately 520–480 BC). He prophesied to spur the nation to action regarding the rebuilding of the temple.
The prophecy is unique, rich with vast prophetic imagery, and points to far-reaching future predictions and fulfillment concerning God’s approaching purposes for the world through the Jewish nation.
The Book of Malachi is the final Minor Prophet in the canon, concluding the works of the Prophets. His prophecy, dated approximately between 440–428 BC, is aimed at the reestablished nation and priesthood of Judah in Jerusalem.
The message addresses the various sins and complacency of the nation and priesthood following their reinstatement. It highlights specific rituals reflecting the decline of standards within the priestly system and declares a coming time of distinction between the true servants of God and the false. The day of the LORD and the “Sun of Righteousness” are spoken of, pointing to the fulfillment of the Messianic vision in Jesus Christ.
The New Testament
Books of the New Testament
The New Testament is a collection of works that center on the life and works of Jesus Christ and His Apostles in the 1st century AD. The collection contains prophetic and historical accounts of Jesus’ life, ministry, death, and resurrection, called the Gospels, and also records the subsequent exploits of His closest followers in the years following His ascension. These accounts were derived from eyewitness sources directly connected to the events and are highly detailed in nature.
The New Testament also contains a large number of epistles, or letters, written by certain Apostles of the Lord Jesus Christ. These letters are directed to various Christian authority figures and churches throughout the Greco-Roman Empire of the first century.
The New Testament concludes with an apocalyptic prophecy called the Book of Revelation, which was intended to be circulated among particular churches in the Roman Empire. These prophetic and historical accounts, letters, and apocalyptic prophecy provide a powerful and accurate historical witness to the Lord Jesus Christ and the early Church.
The 27 books of the New Testament are listed as follows: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts, Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 and 2 Thessalonians, 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2, and 3 John, Jude, and Revelation. A brief description of the New Testament books follows.
The Four Gospels
Matthew Through John
The Gospels are the first four books of the New Testament and consist of four separate accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, His ministry, and the events of His death and resurrection—The Everlasting Gospel.
Matthew and Mark
The Gospel of Matthew is the first in line and is held to be written by Matthew, also called Levi, a tax collector who was one of the twelve Apostles of Jesus. Dated approximately 60–65 AD (estimates vary), the Gospel of Matthew was initially produced for a Jewish audience and is known for its teaching value. It is a lengthy and highly detailed account of the life and teachings of Jesus and His disciples.
The Gospel of Mark follows and is commonly attributed to a Christian named John Mark, who was a disciple of Paul the Apostle, a significant Christian apostolic leader of the Church whose inspired writings fill a large portion of the New Testament.
Mark’s Gospel is dated to approximately 55–60 AD and was first intended for the benefit of Christians in Rome. It is a short but dense account, primarily focused on highlighting the facts about Jesus Christ and His ministry throughout Israel.
Luke and John
The Gospel of Luke is next and is the first of two accounts in the New Testament written by a Christian disciple named Luke, a physician who was a close companion of the Apostle Paul. Luke’s Gospel is highly investigative and is valued for its detail, clarity, and historicity.
Dated to around AD 60, the work itself suggests it was written for a specific person and would appeal to a non-Christian audience. Carefully derived from eyewitness sources, Luke’s Gospel is an accurate historical witness to the life and exploits of Jesus Christ and His disciples.
The Gospel of John is the fourth and final account and is held to be written by the Apostle John, one of Jesus’ closest followers, numbered among the twelve original disciples and Apostles. The Gospel of John has a distinct tone compared to the other three Gospels and is known for its unique emphasis.
This book, dated approximately 90–100 AD, highlights the divine qualities of Jesus Christ and is aimed at those who need assurance of the validity of Christian truth. It contains events and dialogue unique compared to the other Gospels. The Gospel of John is a powerful witness to the truth concerning the Son of God, Jesus Christ.
The Book of Acts
The History of the Apostolic Church
Directly following the four Gospels, we find the Book of Acts, which is the second of two accounts written by Luke, the companion of Paul mentioned above.
The Book of Acts, known as “the Acts of the Apostles,” follows the events of the Apostles and the early Church after the resurrection and ascension of Christ. The Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts are considered to have been produced at the same time (AD 60), representing the sum total of one lengthy investigative endeavor.
Dramatic in nature, Acts is highly informative concerning God’s direction of the Church in its genesis. The supernatural power of God, demonstrated by the Holy Spirit independently and through the Apostles, is woven throughout the remarkable events recorded in the account, making it a powerful testimony to the sovereign purposes of God in the Gospel and the power of the Holy Spirit.
The work closely traces significant events across an almost thirty-year period and provides valuable historical credibility to the birth, life, power, and spread of the early Church following the ascension of Jesus Christ.
The Epistles of Paul
Romans Through Hebrews
Paul the Apostle was a highly significant figure in the early Church who, under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, wrote thirteen instructional epistles, or letters, in the New Testament, making his writings a substantial portion of the entire New Testament record. He was a “chosen vessel” of God (Acts 9:15) to proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ and the Kingdom of God to the Gentiles (the nations outside Israel).
He was a rigorous and diligent missionary, planting numerous churches throughout the Greco-Roman Empire of the first century. His letters provide valuable inspiration to Christians, and are highly informative concerning Christian truths and doctrines including those of divine grace, authentic salvation and the life of the Apostolic Church. A brief description of his letters follows.
The Book of Romans
The first of his letters is called the Book of Romans, as it is addressed to the Christian church and the Jewish people in Rome. The Book of Romans is dated to approximately 57–59 AD and is notably dense for its size, containing a wealth of teaching and instructional material.
Paul provides details on many subjects, such as the law of God, the grace of God, the Gospel, the Christian life, and the contrast between the Christian Church and the nation of Israel. The Book of Romans is one of Paul’s core letters and is of immense value for its detailed Christian teaching and spiritual power.
The Letters to the Corinthians
The next two letters are 1 and 2 Corinthians, addressed to the church in Corinth, an ancient city in first-century Greece. The first letter, dated approximately between 53–54 AD, deals with a church facing numerous organizational and behavioral challenges.
The second letter, dated approximately 55 AD, addresses local church matters and offers encouragement regarding the Christian hope and witness. It also covers core Christian teachings and apostolic authority. These two letters of Paul provide a unique insight into early Church organization, politics, and logistics, painting a vivid picture of complex church life in first-century Corinth.
Galatians and Ephesians
The next letter of Paul is named Galatians, being addressed to the church in Galatia, a region situated within the first-century Roman Empire. The Book of Galatians is essentially a crisis-control letter, dealing with false teachers and their counterfeit gospels.
Dated between 47 and 52 AD, the letter to the Galatians contrasts the Christian reality with the Jewish religious tradition, which the Galatians were in danger of adopting due to certain false teachers and opponents of the Gospel. The distinction Paul makes between tradition and truth, and between the law and the Spirit, is of great importance to understanding the Gospel, the Christian life, and the way of faith.
The Book of Ephesians follows, a letter of Paul addressed to the church in Ephesus, in the Roman province of Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey), and also intended as a circular letter to be received by several churches at the time.
It is dated to approximately AD 60–62, written while Paul was imprisoned in Rome for preaching the Gospel. Ephesians expands on God’s eternal purposes through the mystery of the Church and provides strength and encouragement to the saints of God engaging with unseen forces in spiritual warfare.
Philippians and Colossians
The Book of Philippians is another letter written while Paul was in prison in Rome. Addressed to the church at Philippi in first-century Macedonia, Philippians explores Paul’s life and his calling, addressing subjects concerning the Gospel, the excellence of Christ, false religious teachers opposing the faith, and an exhortation to the saints to persevere in their call in Christ. It is dated to approximately AD 60–62.
The letter to the Colossians is the third letter of Paul written while in prison and is addressed to the church in Colossae, in the Roman province of Asia Minor.
Dated to approximately AD 60–62, Colossians deals with clarifying the truth concerning the identity and nature of Christ amid false religious traditions and teachings circulating at the time. It also encourages the saints to fix their eyes and minds on the unseen realities above and to live their lives on earth as those called by God in Christ.
The Letters to the Thessalonians
The next two letters written by Paul, 1 and 2 Thessalonians, are addressed to the church in Thessalonica, in first-century Macedonia/Greece, dated approximately 51–52 AD.
The first letter follows up on Paul’s recent visit to the church and provides further teaching, addressing elements such as sexual immorality and the coming return of Christ, concluding with encouragement to the saints in their faith.
The second letter centers on the coming return of Christ and the preliminary events surrounding it. Though a short letter, it is powerful and concludes with a strong exhortation to be ready, active, and not idle in faith or work while awaiting the prophesied arrival of the “Day of the Lord.”
The Letters to Timothy
Two letters, called 1 and 2 Timothy, follow. They are addressed to an overseer of the church in Ephesus, a young man named Timothy.
In the first letter, dated approximately AD 63, Paul outlines matters of church conduct and operation and warns of future complications arising from dangerous teachings and dispositions of certain individuals.
The second letter, dated approximately AD 67, is written during a later prison term of Paul’s than that previously mentioned. He strongly encourages Timothy to stand firm in all circumstances and be a faithful minister to the Lord. He warns Timothy of future challenges that will arise and urges him to fulfill his duty for God in anticipation of Christ’s coming. Both letters contain strong exhortations to persevere in the faith of Christ.
Titus and Philemon
The Book of Titus is another letter that echoes themes similar to those in Paul’s letters to Timothy. Written approximately AD 65, it is addressed to Titus, an overseer of a church on the island of Crete, Greece. Paul calls Titus to teach authentic Christian doctrine while refuting the false teachings of certain individuals.
Within the letter, Paul outlines matters of church governance and highlights the workings of God’s grace and the kindness of God through that grace. The letter closes with an exhortation to seriousness and diligence in faith and good works.
The Book of Philemon is the shortest of Paul’s letters, addressed to a friend of Paul’s named Philemon. It deals with an issue concerning a runaway slave of Philemon’s and their restoration to each other in light of their shared faith in the Lord. The letter is the fourth of Paul’s written while in prison (along with Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians), dated approximately AD 61–62.
The Letter to the Hebrews
The last letter traditionally attributed to Paul’s list of writings is the Book of Hebrews, thought to be addressed to the Jewish Christians of Rome in AD 64. The Book of Hebrews is dense and of immense value for Christian truth. The letter suggests it is aimed at exhorting Jewish Christians to remain faithful to Christianity and avoid falling away from the faith through reversion to unbelief.
It addresses the truth of Christ as the Son of God and His role as High Priest in heaven, the consequences of turning away from the faith, and concludes with a lengthy exhortation to maintain faith to receive the promises reserved for faithful believers. Hebrews, when explored thoroughly, is truly inspiring and is a treasure of the Christian faith to this day.
The General Epistles
First John Through Revelation
Closing the New Testament are eight additional letters from apostolic figures—James, 1 & 2 Peter, 1, 2 & 3 John, Jude, and Revelation. These letters are of high value, and their authors are influential figures in the Christian faith. Brief descriptions of these eight letters will follow.
The Book of James
The Book of James was written by the Apostle James, the brother of Jesus, who was an original disciple of Jesus and the overseer of the church in Jerusalem.
Written approximately in AD 48–49, the letter addresses matters of faith and works, issues of partiality in dealings and respect of persons, sin, repentance, oppression, finances, encouragement toward genuine faith, and the restoration of believers who are going astray. Though a relatively short letter, the Book of James contains a wealth of detail concerning the practical realities of Christian living.
The Letters of Peter
The next two letters, 1 and 2 Peter, are written by the Apostle Peter, one of Jesus’ original disciples and a member of the Twelve. The letters were directed to a wide audience across five provinces in the Roman Empire. The first letter, written in AD 65, conveys a message that addresses various elements, including encouragement in the hope of salvation in Christ, holiness of life and conduct, and patience and endurance through persecution.
The second letter, written in AD 67, reminds readers of the presently valid truth of God through His prophetic Word, deals with false teachers and their coming consequences, and concludes with a strong warning concerning the coming “Day of the Lord.” The letters of Peter provide great encouragement in the faith and insight into the coming events that will further shape and conclude history as we know it.
The Letters of John
Three letters follow next in the canon and are held to be authored by the Apostle John, who was also one of Jesus’ closest disciples. The Epistles of 1, 2, and 3 John provide valuable insight into mature Christian life and expand on the understanding of God’s divine love in Christ. Dated approximately to the late first century, these letters focus on the truth of God’s Word and the love of God expressed in Christ.
At a time when false teaching and opposition were prevalent, John asserts core Christian truths concerning the Son of God and how a Christian can truly know Him. The letters also speak of how God’s love toward the world is manifested in the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, and how the Christian life is lived out in truth according to God’s Word.
The first letter is the longest of the three and is aimed at correcting certain wayward beliefs and teachings circulating throughout John’s area of ministry—Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). The second and third letters are very short and are addressed to specific church groups and figures whom John encouraged and exhorted in his region of ministry. John’s letters complement the Gospel of John effectively and are steadfastly dedicated to affirming the truth of Jesus Christ.
The Book of Jude
The Book of Jude is a short but powerful letter authored by Jude, the other brother of Jesus, dated approximately to AD 68. The Book of Jude calls Christians to “earnestly contend for the faith” in response to false religious teachers who seek to pervert the faith and Gospel of the Grace of God.
The letter details the activities of these false teachers within the church and describes the severe judgment awaiting them at the coming of the Lord. Jude concludes with an exhortation to the churches, urging them to work toward their salvation in the mercy and love of God, striving to save as many as possible through the Gospel as duty requires. Jude’s letter exhorts Christians to steadfast faith and to battle for a pure Gospel in the face of continuing opposition.
The Book of Revelation
The Final Prophecy
The Book of Revelation concludes the New Testament and is a book of apocalyptic prophecy revealing things previously hidden.
Revelation was authored by the Apostle John in 90–95 AD and addressed to the seven churches situated within the Roman province of Asia Minor. It is a prophetic revelation from Jesus Christ Himself, given to John in a vision via angelic mediation. The Book of Revelation closes the canon of Scripture and is the final prophecy of the divine revelation.
Being a substantial letter and prophecy, it is a dense work. It contains individual messages from Jesus to each of the seven churches and then proceeds into a lengthy apocalyptic prophecy concerning the ultimate future purposes of God for the world and eternity, in the context of the revealed truth of the Gospel and Jesus Christ, the Son of God.
The Book of Revelation is highly symbolic in its imagery and has been a source of controversy throughout the ages concerning Christian prophecy surrounding the return of Jesus Christ, the destiny of the Church, and the close of the world’s history as we know it.
Being a marvelous and majestic read, the Book of Revelation exalts Jesus Christ as the triumphant King and Lord of all:
And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS.
Misconceptions About the Bible
Answering Common Arguments
There are several common misconceptions about the Bible in circulation; however, when examined closely, they can be found to be fallacious and based on conjecture, prejudice, and arbitrary opinion. Let us now explore some of the most challenging misconceptions and deconstruct them.
Only a Story Book
The Bible is often referred to as a “storybook” based on ancient fabrication. While the Bible does contain narratives, they are to be understood within their correct historical context and literary genres, with their intended purpose in mind.
Even stepping back slightly, one must remember that the contents of the Bible are supernatural, having been divinely inspired by God Himself and recorded intentionally in their form and purpose. Therefore, they require an approach of great prudence, humility, and spiritual maturity.
Moreover, the historical validity of the Bible is highly credible, supported by ancient archaeological findings, extensive historical research across multiple fields, and advanced biblical and academic scholarship. Biblical validity remains a subject of constant literary and textual criticism, ongoing debate, and scrutiny, as it has been for centuries.
The Bible has stood its ground on its own merits against rigorous scrutiny and is undoubtedly one of the most accurate collections of historical documents in existence—it is no mere storybook.
Only a History Book
The Bible is also, conversely, believed to be purely a history book produced by men. The Bible has a highly credible historical aspect, which is significant because it demonstrates that it is not merely a product of philosophy or religious fabrication.
However, it is crucial first to understand and not overlook whose history the Bible primarily follows and what kind of record it represents. The Bible traces the history of the Almighty God of all creation in His specific dealings with mankind through the nation of Israel, thus presenting a distinct historical account while also illuminating the historical development of creation and the ancient world.
The Truth About the Bible
The Prophetic Word of God
The Bible is a supernatural, divinely inspired prophetic record. As the Bible traces the historical dealings of God with Israel over a span of roughly two thousand years, it records divine communications through the prophetic Spirit across a vast period of time.
The Word of God is divinely inspired and a product of the Holy Spirit. God worked over time to produce the Scriptures through holy men chosen as instruments of His communication to the world. The supernatural Author of the Bible is not confined to past history or to the will of men but is ever-present in the world, using His living revelation to communicate with men and women in all nations every day.
The Bible states in the Book of 2 Peter:
We have also a more sure word of prophecy; whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as unto a light that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day star arise in your hearts: Knowing this first, that no prophecy of the scripture is of any private interpretation. For the prophecy came not in old time by the will of man: but holy men of God spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost.
The Absolute Word of God
In the Book of Hebrews it says:
For the word of God is quick, and powerful, and sharper than any twoedged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart.
Therefore, God has recorded His Word in written form, in a supernatural manner down to the letter, using specific, chosen men at carefully selected periods in history, all overseen at His discretion and for His purposes. It is the same Word He uses today to reveal Himself to the hearts of people in the world. The Bible is no mere history book written by men.
Conclusion
An Overview of Scripture
The brief summary above of the Bible, its contents, and its background should provide a stepping stone for further study. However, the first and most important step for anyone is to simply read the Word of God and let the Lord speak to them through it.
The Bible must be opened and revealed to the heart of the reader by God Himself through His Spirit, and then all things will fall into place. The Word of God will endure forever and will continue to be fulfilled. May it bless you and reveal the glory of God in Jesus Christ.
Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass away.
